A Comprehensive Review of Recent Progress in Nanosensor Engineering for Biosensing Applications

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

2 Ph.D. in Microbiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

Abstract
Biosensors are advanced bioanalytical devices designed for highly sensitive and quantitative detection of target molecules within complex biological matrices. Recent progress in nanotechnology, surface engineering, and advanced materials has enabled the development of a new generation of optical, mechanical, and electrochemical biosensors capable of producing stable, selective, and anti-fouling signals using minimal sample volumes. This review examines the role of nanomaterials in enhancing effective surface area, improving charge transfer, amplifying signal output, and creating anti-fouling interfaces. Strategies for immobilizing biological recognition elements through covalent and non‑covalent interactions, as well as the use of conductive polymers, carbon‑based nanostructures, nanozymes, and two‑dimensional materials to improve sensor sensitivity and stability, are also discussed. Furthermore, recent advancements in wearable biosensors, lab‑on‑a‑chip systems, and portable devices for real‑time monitoring of biological analytes are highlighted. Despite these advancements, challenges such as nanomaterial stability under physiological conditions, improving signal‑to‑noise ratios, and developing low‑cost, anti‑fouling surfaces remain unresolved. Overall, this review demonstrates that the integration of nanotechnology, surface engineering, and advanced material design can pave the way for highly accurate, stable, and user‑friendly biosensors suitable for routine applications.

Keywords


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